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- Enclosures
Augustan Age inspiring from the emperor August. That was a moment with:
- Political stability
- Flourishing of arts
- *European Grand Tours*
- the middle class as protagonist
- who had values like the self made man, entrepreneurial skills, rationalism, materialism, optimism, faith in progress
- they met in coffeehouses
- they where part of the enlightenment (illuminismo, Newton)
- Enclosures:
- improved farming and breeding
- + food (-> + population)
- + animals (-> + food and textile industry)
- countryside workers were dispossessed of jobs
- + food (+ farming -> + population)
- + animals (+ breeding -> + food and textile industry)
- countryside workers were **dispossessed** of jobs
- + jobless
- + homeless
- + urban population
- + diseases
- - hygienic conditions
- + high mortality rate caused by diseases
- + workhouses
- + diseases
- Culture
- More people started reading and writing (the majority of the people very basically)
- newspapers (the Spectator, Defoe's The Review, The Times): simple and catchy language, interesting news about the local place, they concerned the middle class
- Pamphlets: political / philosophical essay
- Comedy of manner: witty ("umoristiche", implicit irony) comedy about middle class manners ("buone maniere"), etiquette, the social protocols
- Birth of Novels
- with simple language
- narrated in chronological order
- was realistic because the middle class wanted to read about itself, plenty of details, with real names
- included puritan values (God's plan, punishment for the sin, rewards)
The kings in this age is Hanoverian. They were German because the English didn't wanted anymore a Catholic (see the act of settlement).
They didn't speak well the English so they appointed the prime minister, who, with the Cabinet, acquire a great importance.
> The cabinet was a restricted group of people who had the majority in the parliament.
The kings are
- George I - Hanover
- Prime minister: Sir Robert Walpole
- Jacobite rebellions, who liked the Stuart monarchy.
- George II
- Canada, Montreal, Quebec became English colony -> 7 year war
- 7 year war
- Prime minister: Pitt
- "Created" the English Empire
- Importation from the colonies:
- Goods (food, cotton, tea, sugar, tobacco, ...)
- Raw material (minerals, wood, coal, ...)
- Exportation to the colonies ("market outlet")
- George III
# Parliament Structure
| | Whigs | Tories | Labour Party | UKIP |
| ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| Creation (century) | XVII | XVII | XX | XX |
| Former | ...parlamiamentarians & roundheads | ...royalists | | |
| They Supported the | ...**constitutional monarchy** | ...the **executive/absolute monarchy** | | ...nationalism, "extreme right" |
| They were supported by | The Middle class (protect "the merchants, landowners, artisans, mines/factory owners"'s business) | The high class, Lord and Noble | The worker class | |
| They Protected | Business and the trade | family, the idea of nation and traditions | Free "National Healt System" | Anti immigration policies |
| Peoples | Walpole, pitt | Thatcher, Churchill | Tony Blair | Nigel Farrage |
# Defoe
## Robinson Crusoe
Rescue of savage
- physically
- spiritually
- culturally
It's a middle class man because:
- hard work
- desire of fulfillment
- average education
- restlessness
- pragmatism
# Swift
- He was of an English Family
- He was born in Ireland
- He lived in
- England (he made satirical works)
- Ireland (Anglican minister: a priest)
Ireland in that moment was:
- under the English crown politically
- officially Anglican, but his people was mostly catholic
- experiences great poverty
## A Modest Propose
- Satire (to denounce social problems)
- Poverty
- Neglect by
- English politics
- Local Ireland politics
- Hypocrisy of Irish upper classes
- Scientific Method
- statistical data
- figures
- sources
- mathematical calculations
# Gulliver's Travel
- **Gulliver is a middle class man**
- job
- studied
- salary
- hard working
- self-made men
- restlessness
- proud of the society -> he find difficult to explain and justify his society -> he reject his society
- **details** to make it more realistic
- dates
- places
- duration of journeys
- measurements of food and drinks converted into Lilliputians' size
- quantity of wheels/materials needed to transport him
- number of chains
- **personification techniques**
- 1st person
- feeling descriptions
- **comical moments**
- when he peed on the castle to extinguish the fire
- small/big endians as reasons for war
- high/low heels as reason for war, mocking to round-heads and long-hairs during the civil war
- how they choose officials
- his fight with the fly, wasps and rats
- **social criticism**
- the way English society was critised by some of the monarchs
- **scientific method**: applied when Lilliputians search though his pockets
- **external perspective on familiar objects and contexts** to describe pocket watch, knife etc
- **themes:**
- absurdity of wars
- **roles reversal** like tiny-giant, to allow the reader to experience a different point of view and develop critical awareness:
- you can make/loose your fortune
- height is a synonym of power
- tiny people must shout to make their voice heard
---
# Ex 2 page 202
This period so great progress in agricolture, large areas of lands, that was open in the past, was now **enclosed** so their owners could improve productions using new methods of framing and of breeding animals.
The increased production in food lead to a rapid raise in the population. There were also the beginning of industrial productions in rural areas where textile were being produced, the mining of coal and metal was also increased, but as yet insufficient investments to improve this activities and the roads to connect the productive areas where not very good.
This period so