- James I
	- He was king after the death of Elizabeth I
	- The son of Mary of Scotland
	- He is protestant
	- He was the king of
		- England
		- Scotland
		- Ireland

# James I
- Mary Stuart's son
- Opened unvoluntary conflicts
	- Ostility in Ulster
	- Anglicans vs Catholics (Ireland)
	- Civil War
- Protestant
	- King James' Bible
	- Intolerant towards dissenters
		- Gunpowder plot (1605)
- Mayflower (the name of the ship, 1620, Pilgrim Fathers)
	- Thanksgiving Day
		- Is the holyday where they celebrate the first good harvest (of 1621)


The Ireland always was Catholic. James I sent a group of protestant people trying to convert Ireland's catholcs to Anglicanism.
This conversion wasn't that gentile, because he thought in the *divine right* (the king has been chosen by god). ==**DIVINE POWER OF THE KING**==

James was **absoulutist** and he didn't like the parliament, and he summoned it rarely, only when he needed money.

James **was protestant** so he wanted to make the people read the bible. He had made make a translation of the bible that's also used today: "*James's translation of bible*".

It started the **Gunpouder plot** (*"il complotto della polvere da sparo"*), where some people (commanded by *Guy Fawkes*) who didn't liked James wanted to blow up the parliament while the king and the parliament was inside. They were arrested before making it appened, and they were burned at the stake. Every 5th of november (the day when they wanted to blow up everything), also now, they burn some bonfires, with at the top with *Guy Fawkes*' symbol, to *remember the five of november*.
# The puritans (aka pilgrims fathers)
In these moments returned the puritans from the purge made by Elizabeth. They were a group of strict protestants. They believed in:
- Predestination ("god has a plan for u"), so "what can I do to become what i am predestinated to become?": I've to
	- Study
	- **work hard** (the most important value)
	- stay alive

In 1620, the Mayflower (a ship), with onboard a hundred of puritans on it, sailed from Plymouth in the direction of *Virginia*, who wanted to recreate the new england (the east coast of US).

The american mentality comes from this people, even now is at the core.

The thanksgiving day is celebrated in the $4^{th} november$.
> When they arrived in America, they tried to coltivate, but it was nearly winter and it was a different land. The people who lived in america before them, helped them, in the 1621 the harvest was really good, and with the thanksgiving they celebrated the new friendship.

This story was not right, they enslaved the natives, deprived them of lands and killed them, it was a *genocide*. 
# Charles I
- He could stant the parliament
- He believed in the **divine right of king**
- He appointed William Laud as the Archbisop of Canterbury
- He called and dismissed the Parliament (for the Money)
	- The parliament imposed to sign **The Petition of Rights** (1628)
		- Required the approvation before imposing taxes
		- A fair trial before imprisonment
			- The king signed but he didn't care (because he was god on earth)
				- The parliament executed Laud (because he was executed everyone who wasn't Anglican)
					- The king arrested some member of the parliament
						- THE CIVIL WAR
# The civil war

| Cavaliers/Royalists                                                                          | Roundheads                                                                                                                                              |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| - Stuart tyranny<br>- Anglican Clergy<br>- Aristocracy (lords)<br>- **Gentry** (land owners) | - Parliamentarian Liberty<br>- Protestants<br>- Middle Class (merchants, businessmen, shopkeepers, artisans)<br>- New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell |
| - Long hairs<br>- Colorful Clothes                                                           | - *roundheads* (short hairs)<br>- *somber* (dark) clothes                                                                                               |
The war is won by the Roundheads, and the house of commons remained the only remaining house of the parliament.

Charles the I has been beheaded in 1649, the monarchy is abolished and the royal family is exiled in france
# The Republic / Commonwealth / With Cromwell
Everybody who supported the monarchy couldn't enter the parliament and the house of lords has been abolished.

The church was very weak because he was on the king's side.

No king, many royalists around and no church -> Risk of anarchy -> Military Dictatorship with Cromewell as Lord Protector.
## The puritans
- they were calvinists
- they believed in predestination
	- they worked hard to change their future (*work hard to make my destiny become true*)
		- they persued materialism and success
		- they watched the poverty as a sin (*povertà come un peccato*)
		- they thought that everything that was immortal or waste of time was not good
# The Restoration | Charles II
- The anglicanism has been restored
- Cromwell's body undergoes a posthums (post mortem) execution
- Removed of bans by the puritans
- In theathres there are women actress.
- The great plague and the great fire of london
	- the puritans thing as punishments because, as response to cromwell's dictator, this court becomed the most immoral.
The conflict between Royalists and Parlimentarian becomed  Thories (Royalists) vs Whighs (Parlaimentarian) 

| Royalists    | Parliamentarian     |                                   |
| ------------ | ------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Thories      | Whigs               | Labour (made a lot of time after) |
| Conservative | Liberal (pro trade) |                                   |
| Lords        | Middle Class        | Workers                           |
# James II
- Was catholic
- The daughter, Mary II, was protestant, and married William d'Orange
- The parliament passed the crown directly to William and Mary (because he was catholic, bloodless revolution, **Glorious revolution**)
# Mary and Williams
- First time Queen (of England) and King both
- Bill of Right

| Executive Monarchy | Constitutional Monarchy                               |
| ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| Monarch rules      | Monarch reigns                                        |
|                    | Parliament rules and make laws                        |
|                    | Symbolical position                                   |
|                    | King head of commonwealth                             |
|                    | Prime minister is appointed by the monarch            |
|                    | Once a week the king is updated by the prime minister |
# Queen Anne
- Act of union
	- United King of England + Scotland 
- Treaty of Utrecht
	- Gibraltar
	- Minorca
	- Hudson Bay (Canadian)
# Exercises
## Page 87
### Exercise 2
1. abdicated
2. regents
3. summoned
4. reign
5. laymen
6. patent
### Exercise 3
1. He was the closest and oldest relative.
2. Stuart
3. Anglicanism
4. He didn't want the parliament, he wanted to make an absolutism
5. Is a bible made for laymen, accepted by the king and published, it's still used today
6. It was a plot against the parliament that has been sedated, they wanted to blow up the parliament, with the king inside
7. The puritans were a group of strict protestants, they were the people who was sent to europe by Elizabeth, and then returned.
## In class
1. Are all the members of commonwealth are former colonies? no, ruanda and mozambi. 53 countries, india,...
2. How many people in the word are part of the commonwealth? % nearly 1/3
3. What does the CW flag represent? It represent the global nation of the cw, there is a globe, with a blue (like the sea) background, and 53 spears