Ended the [war of the roses](../Storia/1400/La%20guerra%20delle%20due%20rose.md)
Henry VII made sure that his children could get married with important people:
- Henry VIII + Catherine of Aragon
- Daughter + French heir (*erede*)
- Daughter + Scottish heir
# Henry VIII
Henry VIII was a great catholic, he has been granted the "*defender of faith*" (*difensore del credo*) title.
He had a problem, he was married with Catherine of Aragon, that give him only a daughter (**Mary I**).
So he wanted to annul, using as excuse that the bible said that you can't marry the widow of your own brother. The pope said not (because Catherine of Aragon was related to Charles V)
So in **1534** we have the schism of Anglicanism (**the Act of Supremacy**). The monks gone away and the the king sold the monasteries.
He married Anne Boleyn, but he gave him another daughter (**Elizabeth I**), so he accused her of treason and decapitated her.
He has been married less than a month later, and she finally got him a boy, **Edward VI**.
# Edward VI
He got to the throne at nine and died at 15 of natural death.
# Mary I (Bloody Mary)
After Henry VIII's death and after Edward VI's death she became queen. He married Philip of Spain.
She wanted to restore the **Catholicism** only for going against his father.
## English Puritanism
She decided to persecute the protestants and **burn them at the stake**. All the protestants gone to central Europe, where they met Calvinism and they became puritans. After her death they returned as Calvinist.
# Elizabeth I
She's known as **virgin queen** because she never got married but she used the marriage as political tool and she would have to obey the King.
She had made a propaganda campaign, imposing to have a **painting** of her in all middle-high class homes. She weared big clothes.
Some people said that in the Scottish branch of his family (started by Henry VII) Mary Stuart was the real queen. Elizabeth executed Mary Stuart.
For the death of Mary Stuart the Spanish sent "the Spanish armada", but the English Navy won.
## Culture
Elizabeth started the building of [theatres](The%20Theatres.md).
Elizabeth encouraged cultural development. In this time started the **Renaissance**.
### The Renaissance
The Renaissance started because the classical (greek-roman) texts, after the fall of Costantinopoli and the Bizantine Empire, moved from the east to the west.
The English's Renaissance started later because of the [schism](#Henry%20VIII).
This became the golden age of **poetry** and **drama**.
### The prince of Macchiavelli
- The objective justifies the ways.
- The religion and the politics **must** be divided.
## The middle-way *political* approach
She restored the Anglicanism and she wanted to leave the freedom of believe.
## The Colonialism
Elizabeth started some geographical explorations, and started the establishment of colonies.
### The triangular slave route
In this period it started the triangular route.
European ships went to Africa to get **slaves**, they bring them to north-america, where they worked, in exchange they get the ship filled with **goods**.
Those ships, full of goods, called the pirates. The queen paid some pirates to give English ships the liberty and to target only enemies' ships.
## Beliefs
They thought of the 4 elements in 2 groups
- Heavier
- Water
- Earth
- Lighter
- Air
- Fire
It moved from **geocentric** system to **heliocentric** system.
